PID Controller using Op-Amp
Introduction
PID control circuits are common tools in industrial automation and
process control. PID control circuits consist of three main parts:
The proportional part (P), the integral part (I) and the differential part (D).
o proportional control
In PID control system, the proportional part continuously compares
the setpoint (the desired value) with the feedback signal (the actual value)
and calculates the error as the difference between the two. The
proportional term then multiplies this error by a constant gain known as
the proportional gain (Kp). The resulting proportional term output is used
to directly influence the control action.
o Integral control
The integral part in a PID controller integrates the error over time The
accumulated error is multiplied by a constant gain known as the integral
gain (Ki) and contributes to reducing steady-state error in a control
system taking into account both its magnitude and duration. By
continuously summing up the error and adjusting the control signal, it
gradually corrects for any persistent deviation from the setpoint. Proper
tuning of the integral gain is crucial to ensure stable and accurate control
performance.
o Derivative control
the derivative part in a PID controller calculates the rate of change of
the error, This derivative value is multiplied by a constant gain known as
the derivative gain (Kd). So that it contributes to the control action by
providing a damping effect on the system's response, it helps to stabilize
the system, reduce overshoot, and improve response time. Proper tuning
of the derivative gain and consideration of noise filtering are important
for effective control performance .
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